adjective

                         detials about adjevtive

ADJECTIVE

What is an adjective?

An adjective is a word used to qualify a Noun or Pronoun.

Read the following sentences:

He has a big umbrella. (big tells us about the size of the umbrella)

That boy borrow my book. (that tells us about the noun boy)

Note:  Adjective are generaly place before nouns, but sometimes they are placed after noun.

For Examples:

Rahul is an intelligent boy. (adjective placed before noun)

                  Adjective    noun

The boy is intelligent. (here noun is placed before the adjective)

    Noun      Adjective 

         KIND OF ADJECTIVE

1.     Adjective of Quality

2.     Adjective of Number

3.     Proper Adjective

4.     Demonstrative Adjective

5.     Distributive Adjective

6.     Interrogative Adjective

7.     Possessive Adjective

Ø Adjective of Quality:      An Adjective of quality  tells us about the quality of a person or thing.

For Examples:

1.    Soloman is a wise king

2.    The painting is beautiful.

3.    The children enjoyed the crispy potatoes.

Ø Adjective of number:  An adjective of number tells us how many or in what order a person or thing stands.

For examples:

1.   An octopus has eight tentacles.

2.   Few people will take the risk that the brave man took.

3.   All things there were bright and beautiful.

Ø Proper adjective:  An adjective which is formed from proper noun is called know as proper adjective.

For Example:

1.   This is the grammar of English language.

2.   People prefer India tea.

3.   I like French wine.

Ø Demonstrative Adjective:  Demonstrative Adjectives are used to point out a person or thing with this, that, these, those.

For examples:

1.   This dress is beautiful.

2.   That boy is taller than my son.

3.   I bought these melons from the market.

Ø Distributive Adjective:  The Adjective which refers to each one of the number is known as distributive adjective.

For examples:

1.   Each candidate is honest.

2.   Each student took the test.

3.   Every boy  is present today.

Ø Interrogative Adjective:  Interrogative adjective are used along with nouns to ask questions.

For examples:

1.   Which room is hers?

2.   Whose bag is this?

3.   Who topics are you teaching today?

Ø Possessive Adjective:  The adjective that shows possession is called a possessive adjective.

For examples:

1.   His brother is a pilot.

2.   The puppy ran to its mother.

3.   My mother is an artist.

Keep in Mind

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
Person	Singular	Plural
First person	My	Our
Second person	Your	Your
Third person	His, her, its	their

Note:  Formation of adjectives

Adjective may be formed from nouns, verb or adjectives

·       Adjective from Nouns

We form adjective from nound by adding- ish, -y, -ous, -en, -ly, -ful, or, -less at the end

NOUN	ADJECTIVE
Dirt	Dirty
Boy	Boyish
Care	Careful
Shame	Shameless
Man	Manly
Gift	Gifted
Oil	Oily
storm	stormy

·       ADJECTIVE FROM VERBS

We from adjective from verbs by adding -ing, -less, -able or ed.

Verb	Adjective
Cease	Ceaseless
Talk	Talkative
Shock	Shocked/ shocking
Annoy	Annoying/ annoyed
Delight	Delightful/ delighted
Worry	Worrying/ worried
Close	Closing/ closed
bore	Boring/ bored

·       ADJECTIVES FROM OTHER ADJECTIVES

We from adjectives from other adjective by adding  -ish, -al, -some, -ly, ect.

Adjective	Adjective
Red	Reddish
Magic	Magical
Comic	Comical
Whole	Wholesome
Three	Threefold
Sick	Sickly
sweet	sweetish

v COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE

An Adjective comes in three degrees, positive, comparative, and superlative degree.

Ø Positive degree: positive degree denotes the quality of a person, thing or group. It is used when no comparison is made.

For Example

1.    He is a good boy.

2.    This well is deep.

Ø Comparative degree :  When two thing or sets of things are compared, comparative degree is used.

For Example

1.    He is better than you.

2.    This well is deeper than the one.

Ø Superlative degree :  superlative degree is used to choose one out of a group or many.

For Examples

1.    He is the best student of my class.

2.    Of all the walls in the village this one is the deepest.

WAYS TO CHANGE POSITIVE INTO COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

1.Rule : To change an adjective into comparative degree “er” is added to positive degree and “est” is added to change into superlative degree.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Bold	bolder	boldest
Deep	Deeper	Deepest
High	Higher	Highest
strong	Stronger	Strongest
weak	weaker	weakest

2.Rule : If “e” is present at the end of a positive degree , “r” is added to change into a comparative degree and “st” to change it into superlative degree.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Able	Abler	Ablest
Brave	Braver	Bravest
Fine	Finer	Finest
Noble	Nobler	Noblest
true	truer	truest

Rule : If the positive degree ends in a consonant and a short vowel comes before it the last consonant is doubled and then “er” and “est” are added to change into comparative and superlative degree respectively.

Positive	comparative	superlative
Big	Bigger	Biggest
Fit	Fitter	Fittest
Hot	Hotter	Hottest
Sad	Sadder	Saddest
wet	wetter	wettest

Rule :  when a positive degree and in “y” and a consonant is present before “y” the “y” is converted into “I” and the “er” and “est” are added respectively.

Positive	comparative	superlative
Dry	Drier	Driest
Happy	Happier	Happiest
Heavy	Heavier	Heaviest
pretty	Prettier	prettiest

USE OF THIS, THAT, THESE AND THOSE

                   

                               USE OF THIS, THAT, THESE AND THOSE

Important points:

     1)      This, That, These, Those are known as Demonstrative Pronoun/ Adjectives.

     2)      This ,These are used by near and That/Those are used by distance.

     3)      This/ That are used to with singular noun and also use singular verb. These used to with     plural noun and also use plural verb.

Difference between “This and That”-

The word “this” and “that” are demonstrative pronoun. We use the word “this” to point out a person or object which is close to you.

And “that” is used to point out a person or an object which is farther from

you.

Difference between “This and That”-

The biggest difference between is when we talking about thing or persons near us or things that we feels positive about. 

"Those" is used when the speaker is talking about persons or things far from us or things that we do not approve of .

Examples              (This)

Simple/Affirmative

1) This is a cow.

2) This is Ram.

3) This is horse.

4) This is elephant.

Negative

1) This is not a cow.

2) This is not Ram.

3) This is not horse.

4) This is not elephant.

Interrogative

1)Is that not a cow?

2) Is this not Ram?

3) Is this is not horse?
4) Is this not elephant? 
 Examples  for simple-        (That)

1. That is an ox.
2. That is milk.
3. That is Mohan.
4. That is butter. 

 Negative-

1. That is not an ox.
2. That is not milk.
3. That is not Mohan.
4. That is not butter.

Interrogative

1. Is that an ox?
2. Is that milk?
3. Is that Mohan?
4. Is that butter?

Example      (These)

Affirmative:

1. These are boys.
2. These are beautiful girl.
3. These are green tree.
4. These are old book.

Negative

1. These are not boys.
2. These are not beautiful girls.
3. These are not green tree.
4. These are not old book.

 Interrogative

1. Are these boys?
2. Are these beautiful girls?
3. Are these green tree?
4. Are these old books?

Example (Those)

Affirmative:

1. Those boys are thieves?
2. Those are foolish boys?
3. Those teachers will be leaders?
4. Those are girls?

Negative:

1. Those boys were not intelligent.
2. Boys are not thieves.
3. Those are not foolish boys?
4. Those teachers will not be leaders?
5. Those are not girls.

Interrogative:

1. Are those boys thieves?
2. Are those foolish boys?
3. Will those teachers be leaders?
4. Are those girls? 

Tense and Its Attributes

Tense and Its Attributes

Tense

 Definition— Tense is a kind  of a verb which shows the time and state of an action or event that use to define the proper action with respect to the time..

• There are three types of the tense.

1. Present tense

2. Past tense

3. Future tense

Three categories are further divided in to four sub-categories:

A. Indefinite/Simple
B. Continuous
C. Perfect
D. Perfect continuous

Now, you will find the rules that we use to make a sentence correct according to the tense.

a)    Present indefinite or simple present

Rules for simple sentences:

Rule: sub. +v₁+S/es +object (singular subject)

Rule: sub. +v₁+object (plural subject)

We use s/es with verb, when subject in singular iF the subject is plural, and then we don’t use s/es.

For examples:

       1.    He eats the apples.

       2.    They eat apples.

       1.    Mohan plays cricket keep.

       2.    They play cricket.

     Rule for negative sentence.

    Rule: 

    For examples:Subject +do/does +not +v1 +object.

    1.    He does not eat the apples.

    2.    They do not eat the apples.

    3.    Mohan does not play cricket.

    4.    They do not play cricket.

Rules for Interrogative

     1.    Rules: Do/ Does+ Sub+ v1+ object?

     2.    Rules: Q.W.+ do/ does+ Sub+ v1+ object?

For example:

     1.    Does he eat the apples?

     2.    Do they eat the apples?

     3.    Does Mohan play cricket?

     4.    Do they play cricket?

     5.    Why do they play cricket?

    Present Continuous Tense—

   Rules: Subject+ Is/Are/Am+ v1+ing+ object. 

   

     Rules for simple sentences—

     “ Is” is used with singular subject

     “Are” is used with plural

     “Am” is used with I

(     Something object is not present in the sentence)

      For examples: 

    1. My mother is cooking the food in the kitchen.

    2. They are reading their books.

    3 .I am worshiping the God.

    4. They are playing. (without object)

    

     Rule for Negative sentences:

      Rule: Subject+ is/are/am+ not+ v1+ ing+ object.

      For Example:

    1 . My mother is not cooking the food in the kitchen.

    2. They are not reading their books.

    3. I am not worshiping the God.

    4. They are not playing.

      Rules for Interrogative sentences:

    1.Rules: Is/Are/Am+ Subject+ v1+ ing+ object?

    2. Rule: Q.w.+ is/are/am+ sub+ v1+ ing+ object?

     For example:

   1  . Is my mother cooking the food in the kitchen? 

   2. Are they reading their books?

   3. Where am I worshiping the God?

   4. Why are they playing?