Direct-Indirect Narrations

Direct - Indirect speech ( Narration)

(A) Direct Narration: - Direct narration is a type of speech which is reported by some other person to the other person exactly in the words spoken by the speaker. This speech is placed within inverted commas.It is known as the.

It is known as the "Reported Speech."
(1) She said to him, "I am eating the food. " ( Direct Narration)

(B) Indirect Narration:-Indirect narration is a way of speech in which it is reported by some other person by using certain conjunction in place of commas and making necessary changes in the verb and the pronouns of the reported speech.
(1) She told him that she was eating the food. ( Indirect Narration)

As Shown in this line :::

 Rajeev said,              " Anil is a foolish boy."
(Reporting Verb)          (Reported Speech)

Rules How To Change in Narration

* If the Reporting verb is in the past, the tense of the Reported speech change into past as follows.

(a) Present tense change into past tense

Present indefinite --- Past indefinite
Present continuous --- Past continuous
Present perfect --- Past perfect
Present perfect continuous--- Past perfect continuous

(b) Past tense change as follows

Past indefinite --- Past perfect
Past continuous --- Past continuous
Past perfect --- No change
Past perfect continuous--- No change

(c) will /shall change into would /should
( d) Modals are change as follows
May --- Might
Can --- Could
Should --- No change
must --- No change

How To Change Person To Person

                      Main Rules to convert Direct to Indirect Speech

Pronoun and verb are changed according to the given below rules of Narration.

(a)    Assertive sentences  

         (1)    If Reporting verb is in present and future tense then no change tense of the         Reporting  speech

         (2)    If Reporting verb is in past Tense then Reported speech will change in past tense.

         (3)    If there is no object after Reporting verb there it should not be change

             

         (4)If there is some object after Reporting verb then say is changed to tell says to tells and said to told.

    

       Exception:    If reported speech is showing universal truth then no change tense of the reporting speech.

     

    (b)    Interrogative sentences : 

     (1)    In Interrogative sentences reporting verb – said/said to change in to "asked". If the first word of the reporting speech primary auxiliary and modal auxiliary then will use if/whether.

     (2)    In interrogative sentences, the first word of the reported speech is Question word then will start the reporting speech the same question word. And not use if/whether in these sentences or not use conjunction-that.

   

      (c)    Imperative sentence :

     (1)    There is the use of order in an imperative sentence.

     (2)    In imperative sentences start do not then after not to add to reporting verb.

    (3)    In the imperative sentence said to /said the change in to requested then not use these words (Sir, Please, Madam, Gentlemen, Kindly), etc.

    (d)    Exclamatory sentences:

(1) In Exclamatory sentence, Reporting verb – said /said to change into "exclaimed".

       

Change of person  

S  O  N
1  2  3

 S  (means)  ---   Subject
O (means)  --     Object

      N (means)  --     No change

1          

Change Person According to below format 

             First person   <==>    According to Subject

       Second person   <==>   According to Object
Third person <==>      No change

Example:

Assertive Sentences

1.     Direct  :  Reeta says,” Radhika is a good girl.”

           Indirect: Reeta says that Radhika is a good friend.

2.     Direct  :  Ravi says to Mohan,” He will go to Meerut.”

          Indirect: Ravi tells Mohan that he will go to Meerut.

3.    Direct  :  He said,” I am unwell.”

          Indirect: He said that I was unwell.

4.    Direct: I said to him,” You are going home now.”
     Indirect: I told him that He was going home then.

Universal Truth and Habitual  Action

      Direct:      He said to me ,”The Sun is hot.”

      Indirect :  He told me that the Sun is hot.

      Direct :     My grandfather said to us ,”Dogs barks at the strangers.”

      Indirect  : My grandfather told us that dogs barks at the strangers.

      Direct  :    My mother said to me ,” God is everywhere.”

      Indirect  : My mother told me that god is everywhere.

Interrogative Sentence

Direct : Ramesh said to Sita ,” Do you want to go.”

Indirect  : Ramesh asked Sita if she wanted to go.

Direct :    He said to me ,” Do you play chess daily.”

Indirect :   He asked me if I played chess daily.

Direct :     Mohan said to Sohan ,”Will You depend on Anil.”

Indirect  :  Mohan asked sohan if he would depend on Anil.

Direct  :    “Is there a letter for me for me ?” Mohan asked the postman.

Indirect  :  Mohan asked the postman if there was a letter for him

Exercise with Rules.................

Present Indefinite change into Past Indefinite-

Direct:    He said to him ,” I read news paper daily.”

Indirect :  He told him that he read news paper daily.

Direct :     They said to us ,” We fly the kite .”

Indirect :    They told us that they flew the kite.

Direct :       Ram said to his friend ,’ He do not go to school now.”

Indirect :    Ram told his friend that he did not go to school then.

Direct :      Neeta said ,”Do you eat the  apple?”

Indirect :    Neeta asked if you ate the apple.

Direct  :     My friend said to me ,”When do you go to temple?”

Indirect  :  My friend asked me when I went to temple.