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verb

VERB

Definition ::   A verb is a word that denotes an action or being or feeling or possession. A verb is an important part of the sentence because no sentence is complete without a verb. as along verb define how to do the action in sentences or how it would be implemented the sentence, and how the action is doing in what manner like using tense(time)…

Example---1.  

                          Mohan hits the ball.
               She runs fast.

There are four kinds of the VERB----

1. Transitive verb
2. Intransitive verb
3. Linking verb
4. Auxiliary verb or helping verb

    1 )   Transitive Verb   --   A verb that requires an object to complete its meaning is called a transitive verb.

Example –

1. The patient needs medicine.
2. Sohan plays football.

    2)   Intransitive verb   --  A verb that does not require an object to complete its meaning but has a complete meaning by itself is called an intransitive verb.

    Example  ---

1. The bus stopped.
2. He runs.
3. She eats.
4. The child smiled.

 3)    Linking Verb  ----  Linking verb is also called verb of incomplete Predication.         Verbs  like (is,are,am,was,were,will be,shall be,appear,seem,look etc.) are                 incomplete    verbs. They need complements to complete their meaning.

   Example  --

1. Reeta is intelligent. Sohan is honest.
2. The tea was hot.
3.  He looks sad.

  4)     Auxiliary verb ---  Auxiliary verb called too helping verbs. That verb help to main verb in tense. That called. Auxiliary verb.

There are two types

a)     Primary Auxiliary verb

b)    Modal Auxiliary

A).    Primary Auxiliary verbs
In this various forms of “Be’’ Do’’ and” Have’’ are used

       Be   ----   The various form of Be --- is/ are /am/ was/ were

                  Is, am, are (Present Tense)

                  was, were (Past Tense)

Example---

1       He was a thief

2       He was singing a song.

3       They were running.

4    She was cooking the food.

      DO    ---   The various forms of do --- do/does/did/ 

            Do/, Does ( Present Tense)
             Did( Past Tense)

Example ---

(1) she does not weep:?

(2) Do you take milk?

(3) Did she work hard?

(4) Did they play football?

      Have---- 
              The various forms of Have ---  Has/ Have/Had
               Was Have (Present Tenes)
                              Had (Past Tenes)

Example---

1.     I have polish my shoes.

2.     We have written a letter.

3.     She has finished the work.

4.     They had cheated them.

(b)   Modal Auxiliary verb :  The main models are will, shall, should, would, may, might, must, need, ought to, used. They are always used main verb and the first form of a verb. To is used only after ‘ought’ and ‘used’.

parts of speech

Parts of  speech:

Q.  What is parts of speech?

A. Words are divided into numerous parts or
classes, according to the performance they do in a
sentence. Each among them is called part of speech.  

The parts of speech are used globally in numbers are eight.

1. NOUN
2. PRONOUN
3. ADJECTIVE
4. VERB 
5. ADVERB
6. PREPOSITION
7. CONJUNCTION
8. INTERJECTION

NOUN:

A noun is the name of a person, place thing or human quality/ idea/ experience/ feeling.

There are five kinds-

1. Proper Noun
2. Common noun
3. Collective Noun
4. Material Noun
5. Abstract Noun

•  Proper Noun:

A proper noun is used to pronounce the name of a particular person, place or thing. As- Ram, Shayam, Delhi, Chandigarh, Ramayan, Monday.

Example:

• Ram is a good boy.
• Today is a cool day.

Common Noun:

A common noun is the common name of a class of person, place or thing. As doctor, teacher, baby, newspaper.

example:

• There are many doctors in this room.
• The milk is useful for health.

Collective  Noun:

A collective noun is the name of a number of persons or things considered as one. 

As- Class, crowd, army, group, committee.

Material Noun:

a material noun is the name of a substance that is eaten, drunk, measured, and weighed but not counted. Example-water, Silver, Paper, Wheat, Wool.

Abstract Noun:

An abstract noun is the name of such type of thing which is not seen or touched but only thought of. Example-truth, poverty, wisdom, beauty, laughter.

          

            NORMAL POINT :

  The traditional or old grammar

• Proper noun
• common noun
• collective noun
• Material noun 
• Abstract noun

  According to Morden Grammar:

• Proper noun
• Countable noun
• Uncountable noun

Proper noun:- A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, animal, day, month, and thing. Example- Ram, Monday, Ramayan, Indian.

Countable noun:- A countable noun is the name of a thing which can be counted. Example- Pen, Toy, Boy, Girl.

Uncountable noun:- An uncountable noun is the name of a thing which can not be counted. Example- Milk, Water, Oil, Sand.

                       PRONOUN:

A pronoun is a word which is used to replace a noun on that particular place in the given sentence.

There are kinds

1. Personal pronoun
2. Reflexive pronoun
3. Emphatic pronoun
4. possessive pronoun
5. Demonstrative pronoun
6. Interrogative pronoun
7. Relative pronoun
8. Indefinite pronoun

Personal pronoun:- Pronoun which is used in place of names of the person or things are called personal pronoun. As - I, we, you, They, He, She, It.

Example:-

1. I am a good boy.
2. We are good students.
3. You are a good player.
4. It is a good sound of the guitar

adjective

                         detials about adjevtive

ADJECTIVE

What is an adjective?

An adjective is a word used to qualify a Noun or Pronoun.

Read the following sentences:

He has a big umbrella. (big tells us about the size of the umbrella)

That boy borrow my book. (that tells us about the noun boy)

Note:  Adjective are generaly place before nouns, but sometimes they are placed after noun.

For Examples:

Rahul is an intelligent boy. (adjective placed before noun)

                  Adjective    noun

The boy is intelligent. (here noun is placed before the adjective)

    Noun      Adjective 

         KIND OF ADJECTIVE

1.     Adjective of Quality

2.     Adjective of Number

3.     Proper Adjective

4.     Demonstrative Adjective

5.     Distributive Adjective

6.     Interrogative Adjective

7.     Possessive Adjective

Ø Adjective of Quality:      An Adjective of quality  tells us about the quality of a person or thing.

For Examples:

1.    Soloman is a wise king

2.    The painting is beautiful.

3.    The children enjoyed the crispy potatoes.

Ø Adjective of number:  An adjective of number tells us how many or in what order a person or thing stands.

For examples:

1.   An octopus has eight tentacles.

2.   Few people will take the risk that the brave man took.

3.   All things there were bright and beautiful.

Ø Proper adjective:  An adjective which is formed from proper noun is called know as proper adjective.

For Example:

1.   This is the grammar of English language.

2.   People prefer India tea.

3.   I like French wine.

Ø Demonstrative Adjective:  Demonstrative Adjectives are used to point out a person or thing with this, that, these, those.

For examples:

1.   This dress is beautiful.

2.   That boy is taller than my son.

3.   I bought these melons from the market.

Ø Distributive Adjective:  The Adjective which refers to each one of the number is known as distributive adjective.

For examples:

1.   Each candidate is honest.

2.   Each student took the test.

3.   Every boy  is present today.

Ø Interrogative Adjective:  Interrogative adjective are used along with nouns to ask questions.

For examples:

1.   Which room is hers?

2.   Whose bag is this?

3.   Who topics are you teaching today?

Ø Possessive Adjective:  The adjective that shows possession is called a possessive adjective.

For examples:

1.   His brother is a pilot.

2.   The puppy ran to its mother.

3.   My mother is an artist.

Keep in Mind

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE
Person	Singular	Plural
First person	My	Our
Second person	Your	Your
Third person	His, her, its	their

Note:  Formation of adjectives

Adjective may be formed from nouns, verb or adjectives

·       Adjective from Nouns

We form adjective from nound by adding- ish, -y, -ous, -en, -ly, -ful, or, -less at the end

NOUN	ADJECTIVE
Dirt	Dirty
Boy	Boyish
Care	Careful
Shame	Shameless
Man	Manly
Gift	Gifted
Oil	Oily
storm	stormy

·       ADJECTIVE FROM VERBS

We from adjective from verbs by adding -ing, -less, -able or ed.

Verb	Adjective
Cease	Ceaseless
Talk	Talkative
Shock	Shocked/ shocking
Annoy	Annoying/ annoyed
Delight	Delightful/ delighted
Worry	Worrying/ worried
Close	Closing/ closed
bore	Boring/ bored

·       ADJECTIVES FROM OTHER ADJECTIVES

We from adjectives from other adjective by adding  -ish, -al, -some, -ly, ect.

Adjective	Adjective
Red	Reddish
Magic	Magical
Comic	Comical
Whole	Wholesome
Three	Threefold
Sick	Sickly
sweet	sweetish

v COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVE

An Adjective comes in three degrees, positive, comparative, and superlative degree.

Ø Positive degree: positive degree denotes the quality of a person, thing or group. It is used when no comparison is made.

For Example

1.    He is a good boy.

2.    This well is deep.

Ø Comparative degree :  When two thing or sets of things are compared, comparative degree is used.

For Example

1.    He is better than you.

2.    This well is deeper than the one.

Ø Superlative degree :  superlative degree is used to choose one out of a group or many.

For Examples

1.    He is the best student of my class.

2.    Of all the walls in the village this one is the deepest.

WAYS TO CHANGE POSITIVE INTO COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE DEGREE

1.Rule : To change an adjective into comparative degree “er” is added to positive degree and “est” is added to change into superlative degree.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Bold	bolder	boldest
Deep	Deeper	Deepest
High	Higher	Highest
strong	Stronger	Strongest
weak	weaker	weakest

2.Rule : If “e” is present at the end of a positive degree , “r” is added to change into a comparative degree and “st” to change it into superlative degree.

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Able	Abler	Ablest
Brave	Braver	Bravest
Fine	Finer	Finest
Noble	Nobler	Noblest
true	truer	truest

Rule : If the positive degree ends in a consonant and a short vowel comes before it the last consonant is doubled and then “er” and “est” are added to change into comparative and superlative degree respectively.

Positive	comparative	superlative
Big	Bigger	Biggest
Fit	Fitter	Fittest
Hot	Hotter	Hottest
Sad	Sadder	Saddest
wet	wetter	wettest

Rule :  when a positive degree and in “y” and a consonant is present before “y” the “y” is converted into “I” and the “er” and “est” are added respectively.

Positive	comparative	superlative
Dry	Drier	Driest
Happy	Happier	Happiest
Heavy	Heavier	Heaviest
pretty	Prettier	prettiest